Top Documents to Check Before Buying a Property in Nigeria

Buying or investing in property is one of the biggest financial decisions anyone can make. But in Nigeria, countless buyers have lost money due to fraud, fake document titles, or undisclosed legal issues and Landgrabbers (Omo Onile). The safest way to avoid trouble is to verify all relevant documents before you pay or sign. Below are the top documents you must check before sealing a property deal.

1. Certificate of Occupancy (C of O)

The Certificate of Occupancy is one of the most important land documents in Nigeria. It is issued by the state government to prove that the holder has legal rights over a parcel of land for 99 years.

• Why it matters: It confirms ownership and the government’s recognition of the property.
• Red flag: If a seller cannot produce a valid C of O, proceed with caution.

2. Deed of Assignment

A Deed of Assignment is a legal document that transfers ownership of a property from the seller to the buyer. It details the description of the property, the parties involved, and the terms of the transfer.

• Why it matters: Without it, there is no legal evidence that the seller has transferred ownership to you.
• Pro tip: Ensure it is registered at the Land Registry of the state where the property is located.

3. Survey Plan

A Survey Plan shows the exact boundaries, size, and location of the property. It helps confirm that the land being sold matches the one inspected.

• Why it matters: It helps you avoid buying government-acquired land or property in restricted areas (such as pipelines, waterways, or future road expansion zones).
• Check: The survey should be signed by a licensed surveyor and verifiable at the Surveyor-General’s office.

4. Governor’s Consent

According to the Land Use Act of 1978, no land transaction is complete without the approval of the Governor of the state.

• Why it matters: Without the Governor’s Consent, even a valid C of O or Deed of Assignment can be challenged.
• Note: This is especially important if you are buying from someone who already bought from an original landholder.

5. Approved Building Plan

For developed properties, an Approved Building Plan from the relevant urban planning authority is crucial.

• Why it matters: It shows that the building complies with state regulations and has not violated zoning laws.
• Risk of skipping this: You may face demolition or penalties from the government if the building was erected without approval.

6. Receipts of Payment & Tax Clearance

Always request official receipts of every payment made, including purchase fees, survey fees, and government charges. Tax clearance certificates may also be required for corporate sellers.

• Why it matters: Receipts protect you against future disputes over payments.

7. Probate (if property is inherited)

If the property is inherited or sold by the family of a deceased owner, request to see the Probate Letter or Letter of Administration.

• Why it matters: This confirms that the family or executor has the legal right to sell the property.

8. Court Judgment (if applicable)

In cases where the property ownership was settled through the court, request to see the certified true copy of the judgment.

• Why it matters: To avoid buying a property still under dispute.

9. Power of Attorney (if applicable)

If someone is acting on behalf of the owner, ensure there is a valid Power of Attorney authorizing them to sell.

• Why it matters: It prevents fraudulent sales by unauthorized individuals.

10. Land Information Certificate

This can be obtained at the Ministry of Lands to confirm whether the property is free from government acquisition or litigation.

• Why it matters: It gives you peace of mind that the land is clean and safe for purchase.

Final Advice

• Before sealing any property deal, always:

• Insist on signing documents in the presence of legal professionals.

• Conduct a search at the Land Registry.

• Engage a property lawyer to vet documents.

Temidayo Ademosu

ArrowHead Homes – 0806 303 5925